Словарь некоторых терминов (на английском)

Этот словарик содержит короткие определения по сценарному мастерству, производству фильмов.

 

"A" and "B" Pages

Refers to any additional pages added to a Production Script. Once a script becomes a Production Script, page numbering cannot change. To keep pages consecutive and so that they will fit with older versions of the Production Script, the letters "A," "B," "C" (and so on) are added to page numbers in order to keep the pages in order. For example, if 2 pages are added between pages 78 and 79, they are numbered 78A and 78B.

 

Act, Three (Act) Structure

Classic dramatic structure of a story containing a beginning, middle and end. Television may impose artificial (commercial) breaks that may divide up an act, but the three-act structure remains.

 

Action

A sequence of events in a script, visuals that have their purpose in plot development, which may include physical and psychological action; the movement of the subject within the camera field of view.

 

Angle

The relationship between the camera's position and the subject of the shot.

 

ANGLE ON

Used to emphasize a specific object in a shot to indicate that a different camera angle is to be made of a previous shot.

 

ASCII (file)

Acronym for American Standard Code for Information Exchange. An ASCII file, also called a text file, can be read by most computer word processors.

 

BACK TO SCENE

The camera reverts to its original shot position from another.

Background (b.g.)

Any action or object(s) which is secondary to the main action and which appears far away to the main action, and which serves as a backdrop for that action. Always abbreviated in lowercase letters with periods after each letter.

 

Beat

In a screenplay, this term is used to indicate a pause in a character's speech or action. Also refers to actions or incidents within scenes.

 

Breakdown (Breakdown Script)

Detailed analysis of a screenplay which is used to create the Shooting Schedule. Organizes the script into related scenes, locations, sets, characters, and props. Also used for determining all the expenses for a film's budget.

 

Character

The various real or fictitious individuals who take part in a screenplay. The very first time a character is introduced into the screenplay, the name is capitalized. Always capitalized before dialogue. 

 

Change Pages

See Revision Pages.

 

CLOSE SHOT

Camera shot that includes only the head and shoulders of a character. Always typed in capital letters.

 

CLOSEUP (C.U.)

Camera shot that closely emphasizes (isolates) a detail in a person, animal or object. Always typed in capital letters, and is usually abbreviated.

 

Continued(s)

At a Scene Break, used to indicate a scene has not been completed at the end of a page (at the page break) and the beginning of the next page. At a Dialogue Break, used to indicate a character's speech has not been completed at the end of a page and that the speech is a continuation of one from the previous page.

 

Cover Page

See Title Page.

 

Courier

Computer font that most closely simulates typewriter type. Most submitted scripts are written in Courier. Because a screenplay's appearance is important, the use of any other font is not advised.

 

CUT/CUT TO

Instantaneous transition (change) from a scene (or a shot, or another person) to another. Always typed in capital letters.

 

Dialogue

A character's speech; a conversation between two or more people that moves the script's plot forward.

 

Dialogue Breaks

When dialogue "spills" over one page onto the next because of its length, and has to be split into sections. The phrase (MORE) indicates there is additional dialog to follow on the next page, and the phrase (CONT'D) appears at the top of the page, indicating the dialogue began on the preceding page(s).

 

Dissolve

Transition from one scene, which fades out, as another simultaneously fades in. Dissolves are also used to indicate a lapse of time and/or of place.

 

DOLLY IN/DOLLY OUT

Camera movement towards or away from a subject, involving physical movement of the camera. Always typed in capital letters.

 

Drama

A story of adventure or conflict told through a series of related events.

 

Effects

See Sound Effects, Special Effects.

 

Elements

The types of paragraphs (styles) used in a screenplay: Scene Heading, Action, Character, Parenthetical, Dialogue, Transition and Shot.

 

Extension 

Enclosed in parentheses next to the Character Name, it describes where the speech is coming from - off screen, voice over, etc.

 

Exterior (EXT.)

Scene Heading which indicates that a scene takes place, or is supposed to take place, outside. Always abbreviated in all capital letters.

 

EXTREME CLOSEUP

Camera shot that is extremely close to a subject, used to emphasize some particular detail. Always typed out in full in capital letters.

 

EXTREME LONG SHOT

Camera shot usually taken from a long distance away from the subject. Always typed out in full in capital letters.

 

FADE IN/FADE OUT

Smooth, gradual transition from complete blackness to a scene (fade in); gradual transition from a scene to complete blackness (fade out). Always typed out in full in capital letters.

 

Film

See Motion Picture.

 

Foreground (f.g.)

The area of the scene (objects or action) which is closest to the camera. Always abbreviated in lowercase letters with periods after each letter.

 

FREEZE FRAME

Camera direction (which is really an optical printing, or other, effect) where a single frame is repeated over time to give the illusion that all action has stopped.

 

Header 

Text that appears at the top of a page, such as page numbers.

 

Hold

See Keep.

 

Insert

A shot within a scene which calls attention to a specific piece of information, usually an inanimate object.

 

Interior (INT.)

Scene heading which indicates that a scene takes place, or is supposed to take place, indoors; a set representing an indoor scene. Always abbreviated in all capital letters.

 

Isolate

Tight focus on an object or person.

 

Keep

In production scripts, refers to scene numbers and page numbers which must be kept (held) the same, and not changed from their original number.

 

LIGHTS UP

Transition used in Stage format, denoting the beginning and discovery of a scene by the illumination of lights onto a particular area of the stage.

 

Location

The actual (physical) setting for a production; a part of a Scene Heading which describes where the scene takes place.

 

LONG SHOT

Camera shot that is taken at a considerable distance from the subject, usually containing a large number of background objects. Always spelled out in capital letters.

 

Margin

The amount of space left unused at the top and bottom, and right and left, of a printed page; the set of numbers describing the exact location of a specific piece of information on a page.

 

MEDIUM SHOT (MED. SHOT)

Camera shot often used to describe a shot of character approximately from the waist up.

 

MONTAGE

Scene heading which indicates a rapid succession of shots.

 

Motion Picture

A sequence of still pictures, usually including sound, in a specified order, showing objects at successive intervals of time, which gives the illusion of motion.

 

MOVING or MOVING SHOT

Camera shot which follows whatever is being filmed.

 

More(s)

Used to indicate that a character's speech has not been completed at the end of a page and that the speech is a continuation of one from the previous page. See Dialogue Break.

 

Narration

Off-screen commentary, which is heard over the action. Also referred to as a voice over.

 

Off Screen (O.S.)

An Extension, Dialogue or sounds heard while the camera is on another subject. Always abbreviated in all capital letters and enclosed in parentheses.

 

Outline

A complete story broken down into its component beats, scenes, sequences and acts, before dialog is written.

 

Page Break

Where one page ends and another begins. 

 

Pan

Camera shot (from the word panorama) where the camera moves gradually from right to left or left to right, without stopping; to slowly move to another person or setting without cutting the action.

 

Parenthetical

Indicates dialogue should be delivered in a certain way. Should be no more than a few words.

 

Point of View (P.O.V.)

Camera position that views a scene from the viewpoint of a particular character. Always abbreviated in capital letters with periods after each letter.

 

Production Script

A script that includes scene numbers, camera angles, inserts, and direction notes. All page numbers and scene numbers remain unchanged, no matter if any text is added or deleted from the script (see A and B Pages, Revised Pages).

 

RESUME

See BACK TO SCENE.

 

Revision(s)

In Production Scripts, any modified or new text (revised text) needs to be designated as such via marks in the margins (like asterisks).

 

Revision Pages

When a production script is being edited, changes are distributed to the actors and crew on "change pages," which are generally a different color from the original pages of the script, and follow a set hierarchy of color pertaining to the revision number.

 

REVERSE P.O.V.

A P.O.V. shot that is turned 180 degrees to show the original subject.

 

Scene

A single cohesive unit of narrative, usually confined to one location at one particular time.

 

Scene Breaks

When a scene "spills" over one page to another because of its length, and has to be split into sections. The phrase (CONTINUED) indicates there is more to the scene to follow on the next page, and the phrase CONTINUED: appears at the top of the page, indicating the scene began on the preceding page(s).

 

Scene Continued(s)

See Scene Breaks.

 

Scene Header (Header)

Found in a Sitcom script; indicates Int./Ext., location of scene and Day/Night; also may contain a list of the characters in the scene, special effects, sound effects, or other pertinent information.

 

Scene Heading

Used at the beginning of all scenes, a short description which indicates where and when the scene takes place. Always typed in capital letters. Sometimes called a Slug Line.

 

Scene Number

Indicates the sequence number of a particular scene. Scene numbers are used only in Production Scripts.

 

Screenplay

A script for a feature film, that is (or could be, and hopefully will be) made into a motion picture. Generally 90 to 120 pages in length.

 

Script

Text of a screenplay, including dialog and action. In the director's form (a production script), scene numbers and sometimes camera shots and moves are added.

 

Sequence

A group of connected scenes that moves a story forward. A feature script usually has between seven and ten sequences.

 

Sitcom (Situation Comedy)

Usually refers to a television comedy in which the humor is derived from situations or predicaments of the characters, rather than on incidents or gags.

 

Shooting Schedule

A production schedule for shooting a film with the scenes from a script grouped together and ordered with production considerations in mind.

 

Shooting Script

See Production Script.

 

Shot

The basic unit of a motion picture. A moving image of objects, persons, buildings and/or landscapes.

 

Slug Line

See Scene Heading.

 

Sound Effect (SFX)

Special effects which require some type of technical sound reproduction or manipulation.

 

Special Effect (EFX, FX)

To creatively produce a scene different from what was originally shot by altering or manipulating the image digitally, optically or chemically.

 

Spec Script

A feature, television or stage script not commissioned by a studio, producer, or other production entity and available for purchase.

 

SUPER (Superimpose)

The effect of showing one image over another. Always typed in capital letters.

 

Text File

See ASCII.

 

Three-Camera Format

A script format used in television production.

 

Time

The part of a Scene Heading which indicates the time of day.

 

Title Page

Includes the title, centered in the upper third of the page, the writer's name, contact information (address, phone), copyright and registration number (optional).

 

Transition

Indicates the end of a scene; an Element in Final Draft. Always typed in capital letters.

 

Treatment

Summary of a story, integrating all its elements, detailing the plot, and providing a sense of who the characters are, including their motivations.

 

TWO-SHOT

Camera shot of two people, usually from the waist up.

 

VOICE OVER (V.O.)

An Extension, where a character's voice is heard over a scene, as in narration, a tape-recorded voice, or a voice heard over the phone. Always abbreviated in capital letters with periods after each letter and enclosed in parentheses next to the Character Name, capitalized and spelled out in the script.

 

WIDE SHOT

See Long Shot.

 

WIPE

A wide variety of patterned transitions in which images seem to move (or push) other images off screen.

 

ZOOM IN or ZOOM OUT

A quick transition from a long shot to a close shot or the reverse, usually achieved by manipulating the camera's lens.